Speech synthesis

Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech;

Synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a database. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores phones or diphones provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For specific usage domains, the storage of entire words or sentences allows for high-quality output. Alternatively, a synthesizer can incorporate a model of the vocal tract and other human voice characteristics to create a completely "synthetic" voice output.

The quality of a speech synthesizer is judged by its similarity to the human voice and by its ability to be understood. An intelligible text-to-speech program allows people with visual impairments or reading disabilities to listen to written works on a home computer.

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_synthesis

Alveolar trill

The alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound, The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is [r].

In the majority of Indo-European languages, this sound is at least occasionally allophonic with an alveolar tap [ɾ], particularly in unstressed positions. Exceptions to this include Spanish, and Portuguese which treat them as separate phonemes.

Features of the alveolar trill:

Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by vibrations of the tongue against the place of articulation.

在一些語言, 例如捷克語, 齒齦顫音可以作為成節輔音 , 例如捷克語 krk (頸).

多數漢語中的方言都沒有此音。但湖北的中北部的一部分中原官話區和西南官話區里，即當陽、江陵，鍾祥、京山一帶，直至神農架北部地區，存在有顫音/r/。而且此種顫音/r/，多半是由詞尾「子」演變而來。另外，某些普通話或官話方言的民歌如鳳陽花鼓裡，歌詞「得兒叮噹飄一飄」裡，如果讀時舌肌放鬆，就會讀出清齒齦顫音。

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_trill

Uvular trill

The uvular trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʀ, a small capital R. Within Europe, the uvular trill seems to have originated in French, from where it spread to modern Standard German, most German dialects, some Dutch dialects, some northern Italian dialects, and the southern dialects of Swedish and Norwegian.

在這些語言的主要使用區域，濁小舌擦音成為小舌顫音的音位變體. 小舌顫音也在其它語言出現，尤其是患有語言障礙的人在無法或很難發出原來語種中標準的齒齦顫音.

少數語言使用不止一個顫音。例如，說奧克語的長者會區分齒齦和小舌顫音，如/ɡari/ 已治癒 和 /ɡaʀi/ 橡樹。

ps.老師是用類似早上刷牙漱口ㄉ方式來發小舌音.

from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_trill

Bilabial trill

The bilabial trill is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʙ.

In many of the languages where the bilabial trill occurs, it occurs only as part of a prenasalised bilabial stop with trilled release, [mbʙ]. This developed historically from a prenasalized stop before a relatively high back vowel, such as [mbu]. In such instances, these sounds are usually still limited to the environment of a following [u].

(只有少數語言將此音視為獨立音素。在絕大部分情況，它只是作為前鼻化雙唇塞音的顫動除阻，讀音是 [mbʙ]。在歷史上，這是由較高的後元音緊接前鼻化輔音演變出來，例如[mbu]。這讀音僅出現在數種語言，而且往往限于這類情況才出現。例子有在馬努斯島東邊使用的Kele語中的[mbʙuen]「它的果實」。)

PS.老師說小時候有心理創傷ㄉ人~沒辦法發這ㄍ音.
這ㄍ論點是否成立還是會被推翻~~有機會ㄉ話找ㄍ人做做實驗吧!!!

from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_trill

新春第一砲~~~~~~~~~~喔耶!!!!!!!!!